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BJA Advance Access published online on February 12, 2008
British Journal of Anaesthesia, doi:10.1093/bja/aem408
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© The Board of Management and Trustees of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 2008. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children

C. Jeleazcov*,{dagger}, H. Ihmsen{dagger}, J. Schmidt, C. Ammon, H. Schwilden, J. Schüttler and J. Fechner

Department of Anaesthesiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany

* Corresponding author. E-mail: christian.jeleazcov{at}kfa.imed.uni-erlangen.de

Background: This study describes a pharmacodynamic model during general anaesthesia in children relating the bispectral index (BIS) response to the anaesthetic dosing of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil.

Methods: BIS, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, sedation scores, and anaesthetic protocols from 59 children aged 1–16 yr undergoing general surgery were considered for the study. Anaesthesia was performed with propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil. A sigmoid model assuming additive interaction of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil was fitted to individual BIS as effect variable. The pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated by non-linear regression analysis. The ability of BIS to predict anaesthetic drug effect was quantified by the prediction probability Pk.

Results: BIS started at a baseline of 90 (9), decreased during induction to 30 (14) and remained at 57 (10) during anaesthesia. BIS predicted the anaesthetic drug effect with a Pk of 0.79 (0.08). The EC50 Propofol and the ke0 Propofol were 5.2 (2.7) µg ml–1 and 0.60 (0.45) min–1, respectively. The ke0 Propofol decreased from approximately 0.91 min–1 at 1 yr to 0.15 min–1 at 16 yr. The EC50 Remifentanil, ke0 Remifentanil, EC50 Fentanyl, and the ke0 Fentanyl were 24.1 (13.0) ng ml–1, 0.71 (0.32) min–1, 8.6 (7.4) ng ml–1, and 0.28 (0.46) min–1, respectively.

Conclusions: The effect equilibration half-time of propofol in children was age dependent. The pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and remifentanil in children were similar to those reported in adults. The BIS showed a close relationship to the modelled effect-site concentration, and therefore, it may serve as a measure of anaesthetic drug effect in children older than 1 yr.

Keywords: anaesthesia, paediatric; model, pharmacodynamic; monitoring, EEG; monitoring, bispectral index

{dagger} These authors contributed equally to this work.


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