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BJA Advance Access published online on November 16, 2007
British Journal of Anaesthesia, doi:10.1093/bja/aem320
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© The Board of Management and Trustees of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 2007. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Electrical velocimetry for measuring cardiac output in children with congenital heart disease

K. Norozi1,*,{dagger}, C. Beck1,{dagger}, W. A. Osthaus2, I. Wille1, A. Wessel1 and H. Bertram1

1 Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine
2 Department of Anesthesiology, Medical School Hannover, OE 6730, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30623 Hannover, Germany

* Corresponding author. E-mail: norozi.kambiz{at}mh-hannover.de

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the agreement of cardiac output measurements obtained by electrical velocimetry (COEV) and those that derived from the direct Fick-oxygen principle (COF) in infants and children with congenital heart defects.

Methods: Simultaneous measurements of COEV and COF were compared in 32 paediatric patients, aged 11 days to 17.8 yr, undergoing diagnostic right and left heart catheterization. For non-invasive measurements of cardiac output by electrical velocimetry, which is a variation of impedance cardiography, standard surface electrodes were applied to the left side of the neck and the left side of the thorax at the level of the xiphoid process. Cardiac output determined using direct Fick-oxygen principle was calculated by direct measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and invasive determination of the arterio-venous oxygen content difference.

Results: An excellent correlation (r=0.97) was found between COEV and COF (P<0.001). The slope of the regression equation [0.96 (SD 0.04)] was not significantly different from the line of identity. The bias between the two methods (COEV–COF) was 0.01 litre min–1 and the limits of agreement, defined as the bias (2 SD), were –0.47 and +0.45 litre min–1.

Conclusions: COEV demonstrates acceptable agreement with data derived from COF in infants and children with congenital heart disease. The new technique is simple, completely non-invasive, and provides beat-to-beat estimation of CO.

Keywords: heart, cardiac output; heart, congenital heart disease; measurement techniques, electrical velocimetry; measurement techniques, Fick oxygen method; measurement techniques, impedance cardiography

{dagger} K.N. and C.B. contributed equally to this paper.


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