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BJA Advance Access published online on March 10, 2006
British Journal of Anaesthesia, doi:10.1093/bja/ael050
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© The Board of Management and Trustees of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Accepted January 17, 2006

Clinical Investigation

Entropy indices vs the bispectral indexTM for estimating nociception during sevoflurane anaesthesia

I. Takamatsu 1 *, M. Ozaki 2, and T. Kazama 1

1 Department of Anaesthesiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
2 Department of Anaesthesiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
I. Takamatsu, E-mail: tisao{at}dia-net.ne.jp


  Abstract

Background. It is now possible to acquire and process raw EEG and frontal EMG signals to produce two spectral-entropy-based indices (response entropy and state entropy) reflective of analgesic and hypnotic levels during general anaesthesia (with the Datex-Ohmeda S/5 Entropy Module, Datex-Ohmeda, Helsinki, Finland). However, there are no data available on the accuracy of the Entropy Module in estimating nociception during sevoflurane anaesthesia.

Methods. Forty female patients were enrolled in the present study. Each patient was allocated randomly to one of four end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (ETsev) groups (1.3, 1.7, 2.1 or 2.5%). A BIS SensorTM (Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA) and an Entropy SensorTM (Datex-Ohmeda) were applied side-by-side to the forehead. The bispectral index (A-2000 BIS Monitor, version 3.4, Aspect Medical Systems), response entropy, state entropy and patient movement were observed after electrical stimulation (20, 40, 60 and 80 mA, 100 Hz, 5 s) and after skin incision during sevoflurane anaesthesia (1.3, 1.7, 2.1 or 2.5%). Accuracy of the EEG variables in differentiating the intensity of electrical stimulation was estimated by the prediction probability (PK) values.

Results. Response entropy and state entropy [median, (range)] before skin incision were significantly lower in patients who did not move [29 (15-41) and 24 (14-41)] than in those that did [38 (24-53) and 37 (24-52)], but there was no significant difference in BIS. All EEG variables increased significantly (P<0.0001 for all) with increases in the intensity of electrical stimulation. The difference between response entropy and state entropy increased with increases in the electrical stimulation (P<0.0001). However, no EEG variables could differentiate the intensity of the electrical stimulations accurately because of low PK-values (PK<0.8).

Conclusion. Noxious stimulation increased the difference between response entropy and state entropy. However, an increase in the difference does not always indicate inadequate analgesia and should be interpreted carefully during anaesthesia.

Keywords: anaesthetics volatile, sevoflurane; measurement techniques, spectral analysis; monitoring, bispectral index; potency, analgesic.
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