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BJA Advance Access originally published online on October 29, 2004
British Journal of Anaesthesia 2005 94(2):150-158; doi:10.1093/bja/aei006
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© The Board of Management and Trustees of the British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004

Tracheal intubation without the use of neuromuscular blocking agents

A. W. Woods1,* and S. Allam2

1 Stirling Royal Infirmary, Stirling and 2 Anaesthetic Department, Western Infirmary and Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK

* Corresponding author: Stirling Royal Infirmary, Livilands, Stirling FK8 2AU, UK. E-mail: Andrew.Woods@fvah.scot.nhs.uk

Keywords: anaesthetic techniques; intubation, endotracheal

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   Introduction
 
Before the early 20th century, intubation of the trachea had been described for conditions such as perioral tumours and laryngeal obstruction, and had been performed rather crudely, often using fingers as a makeshift laryngoscope and without any pharmacological agents.55 74 Insufflation of the trachea for the purpose of ether anaesthesia was introduced in 1909 in the USA, and in 1912 in the UK.20 46 Rowbotham refined the technique and described a series of cases in 1913.72 73 These early tracheal tubes were wide-bore catheters and were guided into the trachea using forceps. Neuromuscular blocking drugs to aid tracheal intubation were first introduced into clinical practice in 1942 in the USA,28 and within several years gained widespread acceptance in this country.9 27

Before this, tracheal intubation was usually performed under deep inhalational anaesthesia with ether. The continuing use of this technique to facilitate tracheal intubation with halothane and subsequently sevoflurane is still established, especially in . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   Inhalational agents
 
Halothane and enflurane
Sevoflurane
Children
Adults

   Difficult airway
 

   Lidocaine
 

   Induction agents
 

   Opioids
 
Fentanyl
Alfentanil
Remifentanil

   Conclusions
 

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Canada not USA
Geraint W Lewis
British Journal of Anaesthesia, 15 Mar 2005 [Full text]