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BJA Advance Access published online on November 14, 2009
British Journal of Anaesthesia, doi:10.1093/bja/aep313
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© The Author [2009]. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Journal of Anaesthesia. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournal.org

Electrocardiographic alterations during intravasal application of three different test doses of bupivacaine and epinephrine: experimental study in neonatal pigs

J. Mauch1,2,*, A. P. N. Kutter3, C. Madjdpour2, N. Koepfer2, A. Frotzler2, R. Bettschart-Wolfensberger3 and M. Weiss2

1 Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Kantonsspital, Aarau, Switzerland.
2 Department of Anaesthesia, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
3 Section of Anaesthesiology, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

* Corresponding author. E-mail: jacqueline.mauch{at}ksa.ch

Background: Origin of electrocardiographic (ECG) alterations during intravasal injection of local anaesthetic solutions is controversial. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether epinephrine, bupivacaine or their combination is responsible for ECG alteration.

Methods: Forty-five piglets were randomized into three groups. After induction of general anaesthesia using sevoflurane and peripheral venous cannulation, the trachea was intubated, the lungs were artificially ventilated, and anaesthesia was maintained by sevoflurane. Under steady state 0.2 ml kg–1 and after 10 min 0.4 ml kg–1 of one of the following three test solutions was administered i.v.: bupivacaine 0.125% (Group 1), bupivacaine 0.125%+epinephrine 1:200 000 (Group 2), and plain epinephrine 1:200 000 (Group 3). The ECG was analysed for alterations in heart rate and T-elevation.

Results: After injection of 0.2 or 0.4 ml kg–1 test solution, an increase in heart rate of at least 10% was found in none of Group 1 and in all of Groups 2 and 3. After application of 0.2 ml kg–1 test solution, T-elevation was found in 7% of Group 1 and in 93% of Groups 2 and 3. The injection of 0.4 ml kg–1 revealed a T-elevation in 27%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, in Groups 1, 2, and 3.

Conclusions: This animal model demonstrated that increases in heart rate and T-elevation in the ECG during i.v. application of a common test dose (0.2 ml kg–1) of bupivacaine are caused by epinephrine addition. Whether higher doses of bupivacaine alone can cause similar ECG changes or not requires further studies.

Keywords: anaesthetic techniques, regional; complications; heart arrhythmia, tachycardia, bradycardia; heart, conduction; toxicity, local anaesthetics


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