BJA Advance Access originally published online on July 31, 2009
British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009 103(4):538-548; doi:10.1093/bja/aep204
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Genetic variation in RYR1 and malignant hyperthermia phenotypes
1 MH Investigation Unit, Academic Unit Anaesthesia, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK,
2 Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology and
3 Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, L C Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
* Corresponding author. E-mail: p.m.hopkins{at}leeds.ac.uk
Background: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is associated, in the majority of cases, with mutations in RYR1, the gene encoding the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. Our primary aim was to assess whether different RYR1 variants are associated with quantitative differences in MH phenotype.
Methods: The degree of in vitro pharmacological muscle contracture response and the baseline serum creatine kinase (CK) concentration were used to generate a series of quantitative phenotypes for MH. We then undertook the most extensive RYR1 genotype–phenotype correlation in MH to date using 504 individuals from 204 MH families and 23 RYR1 variants. We also determined the association between a clinical phenotype and both the laboratory phenotype and RYR1 genotype.
Results: We report a novel correlation between the degree of in vitro pharmacological muscle contracture responses and the onset time of the clinical MH response in index cases (P<0.05). There was also a significant correlation between baseline CK concentration and clinical onset time (P=0.039). The specific RYR1 variant was a significant determinant of the severity of each laboratory phenotype (P<0.0001).
Conclusions: The MH phenotype differs significantly with different RYR1 variants. Variants leading to more severe MH phenotype are distributed throughout the gene and tend to lie at relatively conserved sites in the protein. Differences in phenotype severity between RYR1 variants may explain the variability in clinical penetrance of MH during anaesthesia and why some variants have been associated with exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and heat stroke. They may also inform a mutation screening strategy in cases of idiopathic hyperCKaemia.
Keywords: enzymes, creatine kinase; genetic factors, hyperthermia; malignant hyperthermia, diagnosis; phenotype; ryanodine receptor calcium release channel, genetics
These authors contributed equally to this paper.